1. Why do we learn statistics

This chapter introduces the critical role of statistics in psychological and social sciences, emphasizing its importance despite students’ frequent apprehension toward the subject. Statistics is central to science because it serves as a safeguard against the biases and fallibilities inherent in human reasoning. The chapter begins by addressing common questions about why scientists rely so heavily on statistical methods, explaining that human intuition, while valuable, is unreliable for evaluating evidence impartially. Examples such as belief bias in logical reasoning illustrate how pre-existing beliefs can cloud judgment, making statistical tools essential for uncovering objective truths. Through examples like Simpson's Paradox, the chapter highlights the counterintuitive traps in data interpretation that necessitate a structured, statistical approach. Statistics is positioned not just as a technical tool, but as a vital instrument to navigate the complexities of human behavior and social phenomena.

The chapter also extends its discussion to the broader context of research methods, underscoring that while statistics is fundamental, it is only one part of the methodological toolbox. In the sciences robust statistical literacy is essential to ensure rigour in research design and data interpretation. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the universality of statistical principles across various types of research while acknowledging the domain-specific nuances of research design. Ultimately, it advocates for statistics as both a practical necessity for academic success and a critical life skill in an increasingly data-driven world, dispelling fears and misconceptions about its complexity and relevance.